Electric vehicles (EVs) have revolutionized the automotive industry, but they come with unique risks that first responders must understand. As more EVs hit the road, incidents involving their lithium-ion batteries pose significant challenges for emergency personnel. This article delves into the complexities of EV battery fires and the crucial steps firefighters can take to mitigate potential hazards.

Empowering Firefighters to Tackle the Unique Risks of EV Battery Fires

Understanding the Risks of Lithium-Ion Batteries

Lithium-ion batteries are a marvel of modern engineering, capable of storing vast amounts of energy. However, this same characteristic makes them potentially hazardous. When these batteries catch fire, they release immense heat and toxic fumes, complicating firefighting efforts. Unlike traditional vehicle fires, lithium-ion battery blazes can reignite even after being extinguished. Randy Bewley, a researcher at Idaho National Laboratory’s (INL), emphasized during a workshop for eastern Idaho firefighters that the best course of action is often containment rather than complete suppression.The phenomenon of "stranded energy" further complicates matters. Once a battery begins to burn, it continues releasing chemical energy until fully depleted. Consequently, firefighters face an uphill battle in managing these fires without causing additional damage. The primary focus should be on preventing the fire from spreading to nearby structures or vehicles, especially other EVs.

Preparation and Training for Emergency Personnel

As the prevalence of EVs increases, so does the likelihood of accidents involving these vehicles. While firefighters have extensive experience with internal combustion engine fires, dealing with lithium-ion batteries requires specialized knowledge. During the INL workshop, participants learned about the differences between various types of electric vehicles, including hybrids and plug-in hybrids, and how these variations impact emergency response strategies.Workshop attendees also explored the characteristics of EV batteries and the potential issues arising from defects, accidents, misuse, or flooding. For instance, seawater exposure following hurricanes has led to numerous battery fires, underscoring the need for comprehensive training. Florida officials issued warnings after Hurricane Helene, confirming 11 lithium-ion battery fires related to storm surge. Understanding these risks is crucial for effective response.

Developing Effective Strategies for Handling Battery Fires

The INL workshop covered several strategies for managing EV battery fires, including the use of water and fire blankets to contain flames. However, the ultimate goal is to prevent the fire from spreading. Participants were advised to familiarize themselves with every emergency response guide for each EV model, as cutline locations vary significantly. Disconnecting the battery from the power converting module is essential for safety, but the process differs across brands.Moreover, personal and public safety remain paramount. Firefighters must be aware of the high voltage carried by EV batteries, which can be lethal if mishandled. A fully charged 100 kilowatt-hour battery can generate 1072 horsepower for seven minutes, highlighting the immense power stored within. Future challenges will likely involve more complex technologies, necessitating ongoing education and adaptation.

Advancing Research and Safety Protocols

INL has been at the forefront of battery research since the mid-1980s, conducting thousands of tests and gathering data on performance, life, and safety. Researchers like Tanvir Tanim are developing diagnostic and prognostic technologies aimed at creating safer, longer-lasting batteries. Following Hurricane Ian in 2022, INL engineers conducted teardown research on ten flooded EVs to understand the impacts of seawater on batteries. The findings revealed critical insights into flood-induced battery problems.To continue advancing this research, INL is building an EV/battery immersion test facility. Scheduled to begin full-scale immersion tests by next summer, this facility aims to identify root causes of battery failures. Additionally, the U.S. Fire Administration is compiling a document based on expert input to enhance understanding of EV fire responses. Standardized protocols are still needed, but progress is being made.

Challenges Beyond the Fire Scene

Handling damaged EVs presents unique challenges beyond the immediate fire scene. Salvage yards must exercise caution when accepting these vehicles, as regenerative braking systems can inadvertently charge the battery. Currently, no regulations govern EV battery disposal or resale, raising concerns about the safety of recycled components. Ensuring the safe handling of EVs in all scenarios is vital for protecting both the public and emergency personnel.In conclusion, while the future holds promise for safer EV technologies, current challenges require vigilant preparation and continuous learning. By staying informed and adapting to new developments, first responders can better protect lives and property in an increasingly electric-powered world.